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Module 1 Presentation: International Legal Standards
Module 1 Answers
Toolkits > Istanbul Protocol Model Medical Curriculum > Module 1: International Legal Standards (Overview) > Self-Assessment and Quiz

Self-Assessment and Quiz

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  1. Which of the following is/are included in the UN Convention Against Torture (CAT) definition of torture?
    1. The intentional infliction of severe mental or physical pain or suffering
    2. Perpetrated by or with the consent or acquiescence of the state authorities
    3. Pain and suffering arising from lawful sanctions
    4. For a specific purpose, such as gaining information, punishment or intimidation or for any other reason
    5. All of the above
  2. What distinguishes cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment (CID or ill-treatment) from torture?
    1. The use of psychological methods of abuse only, but not physical methods
    2. The degree of severity of mental or physical pain or suffering inflicted
    3. Perpetrated by or with the consent or acquiescence of state authorities
    4. Ill-treatment does not have to be inflicted for a specific purpose
    5. All of the above
  3. Which of the following is a reasonable estimate of the number of countries that practice in the world today?
    1. Nearly all of the countries in the world
    2. Nearly half the countries in the world
    3. About one fourth of the countries in the world
    4. None of the above
  4. International Law prohibiting torture is nearly as old as the practice of torture itself
    1. True
    2. False
  5. Which of the following accurately describes the purpose of torture?
    1. To establish and maintain social control
    2. To suppress and punish political opponents and criminals
    3. To force individuals to “confess” to crimes
    4. To instill a sense of terror within a population
    5. All of the Above
  6. According to the UN Convention Against Torture, which of the following conditions are exceptions for the prohibition against torture?
    1. If an official “state of emergency” is declared
    2. When domestic law allows for exceptions
    3. If the infliction of severe physical and/or mental pain was not the intent of the alleged perpetrators
    4. None of the above
  7. The provision of non-refoulment in the Convention Against Torture refers to:
    1. Not allowing suspected torturers to emigrate to other countries
    2. Not returning individuals to countries where they may be tortured
    3. Not allowing individuals asylum on the basis of torture claims
    4. Not returning suspected torturers to the country where the alleged crimes were committed
  8. States have legal obligations to protect individuals from torture and ill-treatment by non-state actors?
    1. True
    2. False
  9. Perpetrators of torture and ill treatment are commonly officials involved in the criminal investigation process, and those responsible for the security of the state.
    1. True
    2. False
  10. States do not have a legal obligation to investigate acts of torture or ill-treatment unless there has been a formal complaint about it.
    1. True
    2. False
  11. Which of the following is not a condition of prison visits by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)?
    1. Access to all detainees
    2. Access at any time
    3. To interview detainees in private
    4. To make ICRC investigation findings public
  12. International law prohibiting torture and ill treatment does not apply to states that have not signed or ratified relevant declarations, covenants or conventions which prohibit torture and ill treatment.
    1. True
    2. False
  13. According to the Convention Against Torture, victims of torture have a right to redress and adequate compensation.
    1. True
    2. False
  14. Which of the following will likely decrease the risk of torture and/or ill treatment among persons deprived of their liberty?
    1. Access to legal counsel
    2. Access to a medical doctor
    3. Regular monitoring of detention facilities by UN and regional human rights bodies
    4. Judicial remand within 24 hours of detention
    5. All of the above
  15. The December 2002 Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture creates a mechanism for regular inspection, by independent international and national bodies, of all places where people are deprived of liberty, within countries that agree to be bound by this Protocol.
    1. True
    2. False
  16. According to international standards:
    1. Detainees should be afforded prompt and regular access to doctors
    2. Detainees should be offered a medical examination as soon as possible after being detained
    3. Care and treatment shall be provided free of charge
    4. Detainees have the right to request a second medical opinion by a doctor of their choice
    5. All of the above
  17. The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners state that detainees or prisoners needing special treatment must be transferred to specialised institutions or civil hospitals for that treatment.
    1. True
    2. False
  18. Measures to prevent torture and ill treatment include:
    1. Effective monitoring of places of detention
    2. Prohibiting confessions obtained through torture and ill treatment
    3. Unrestricted access to one’s own lawyer and doctor
    4. Ensuring the right to legal challenge of detention before a judge
    5. All of the above
  19. Measures for accountability of torture and ill treatment include:
    1. Effective investigations of allegations of torture and ill treatment
    2. Allowing torture to be prosecuted as an “abuse of police duty”
    3. Ensuring that alleged perpetrators are subject to criminal proceedings
    4. Ensuring adequate victim and witness protection
    5. All of the above
  20. Because all detained people have the right to equal treatment without discrimination, differential treatment for special categories of detainees is not permitted.
    1. True
    2. False
Module 1 Presentation: International Legal Standards
Module 1 Answers
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  • Istanbul Protocol Model Medical Curriculum

    • Preface
      • Copyright and Acknowledgements
      • Resources
      • Glossary
    • Introduction
      • Curriculum Materials
      • Summary of Content
      • How to Use These Educational Resources
    • Module 1: International Legal Standards (Overview)
      • Torture
        • What is Torture
        • Purpose of Torture
        • History of Torture
        • Other Definitions
        • Cruel Inhuman & Degrading Treatment & Punishment (CID)
        • Prohibition of Torture in International Law
        • The United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1984
        • Torture in the World Today
        • Country-Specific Legal Standards and Torture Practices
        • The Perpetrators
        • Common Situations for Torture Allegations
        • Where Does Torture and Ill-treatment Occur?
        • Obligation to Investigate and Bring Justice
        • Formal Inspection of Detention Facilities
        • Official Complaints to Human Rights Bodies and Other Organizations
        • Recently Released Detainees
        • NGO Information Gathering
        • Late Allegations
      • Prevention and Accountability
        • Prevention
        • Accountability
        • Reparation
      • International Supervisory Machinery and Complaints Procedures
        • The Human Rights Committee
        • The UN Committee against Torture
        • Regional Mechanisms
        • Other monitoring mechanisms
        • The UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
        • International criminal courts and tribunals
        • The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
      • Safeguards Against Torture for Those Deprived of Their Liberty
        • Notifying people of their rights
        • Use of officially recognized places of detention and the maintenance of effective custody records
        • Avoiding incommunicado detention
        • Humane conditions of detention
        • Limits on interrogation
        • Access to a lawyer and respect for the functions of a lawyer
        • Access to a doctor
        • The right to challenge the lawfulness of detention
        • Safeguards for special categories of detainees
      • Module 1 Presentation: International Legal Standards
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 1 Answers
    • Module 2: Istanbul Protocol Standards for Medical Documentation of Torture and Medical Ethics
      • The Istanbul Protocol
        • About the Istanbul Protocol
        • Brief History
        • International Recognition of the Istanbul Protocol
      • An Overview of the Istanbul Protocol
        • Legal Investigation of Torture
        • General Considerations for Interviews
        • Physical Evidence of Torture
        • Psychological Evidence of Torture
        • Interpretation of Findings and Referrals
        • Misuse of the Istanbul Protocol
        • Procedural Safeguards for Detainees
      • Medical Ethics
        • Introduction
        • Duties of the health professional
        • International Codes
        • Ethical rules directly prohibiting involvement in torture
        • Primary loyalty to the patient
        • Dual Obligations
        • The treatment of prisoners and detainees
        • Issues surrounding examinations of individuals in the presence of security forces
        • Abusive medical treatment
        • Consent and confidentiality
        • Security
        • Involvement of other health professionals in torture
        • Seeking further information and support
        • Country-specific legal responsibilities of health professionals for forensic documentation of torture and ill-treatment
      • General Guidelines for Gathering Evidence and Documenting Findings
        • The aims and goals of investigation
        • Multidisciplinary approach to documentation
        • Role of the health professional in the team
        • Role of the lawyer in the team
        • Role of the NGO member in the team
        • Role of judges and prosecutors
      • Documenting the allegations
        • The aim of medical documentation
        • Types of evidence
        • Medical evidence
        • Gathering of evidence
        • Essential information
        • Quality of information
        • Comparing records
      • Module 2 Presentation: Istanbul Protocol Standards for Medical Documentation of Torture and Medical Ethics
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 2 Answers
    • Module 3: Interview Considerations
      • Preliminary Considerations
        • Purpose of Medical Evaluations
        • Interview Settings
        • Trust
        • Informed Consent
        • Confidentiality
        • Privacy
        • Empathy
        • Objectivity
        • Safety and Security
        • Procedural Safeguards for Detainees
        • Risk of Re-traumatisation
        • Gender Considerations
        • Interviewing Children
        • Cultural and Religious Awareness
        • Working with Interpreters
        • Transference and Counter-Transference Reactions
      • Conducting Interviews
        • Types of questions
        • Cognitive Techniques
        • Summarising and clarifying
        • Difficulties Recalling and Recounting
        • Assessing Inconsistencies
      • Interview Content
        • Identification and Introduction
        • Psychosocial History (Pre-Arrest)
        • Past Medical History
        • Summary of Detention(s) and Abuse
        • Circumstances of Detention(s)
        • Prison/Detention Place Conditions
        • Allegations of Torture and Ill-treatment
        • Review of Symptoms
        • Psychosocial History (post-arrest)
        • Assessments of Physical and Psychological Evidence
        • Physical Examination
        • Closing
        • Indications for Referral
      • Module 3 Presentation: Interview Considerations
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 3 Answers
    • Module 4: Torture Methods and their Medical Consequences
      • Introduction
      • Torture Methods
        • Beatings/Falanga
        • Ear Trauma
        • Eye Trauma
        • Restraint, Shackling and Positional Torture
        • Suspension
        • Crushing and Stretching Injuries
        • Burning
        • Electrical injuries
        • Asphyxiation
        • Violent Shaking
        • Sexual Assault
        • Sexual Humiliation
        • Prolonged Isolation and Sensory Deprivation
        • Sleep Deprivation
        • Temperature Manipulation
        • Sensory Bombardment
        • Threats of Harm
      • Psychological Consequences of Torture
        • Introduction
        • The Paradox of Psychological Consequences of Torture
        • The Psychological Consequences of Torture
        • Social, Political and Cultural Context
        • Risk factors for Trauma and Torture-Related Disorders
        • Psychological Symptoms
      • Module 4 Presentation: Torture Methods and their Medical Consequences
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 4 Answers
    • Module 5: Physical Evidence of Torture and Ill-Treatment
      • Physical Evidence of Torture
        • Medical history
      • The Physical Examination
        • Dermatologic Evaluation
        • Head and Neck
        • Chest and Abdomen
        • Musculoskeletal System
      • Neurological Examination
        • Head Trauma and Post-traumatic Epilepsy
        • Nerve Damage
      • Examination of Women
        • Examination Following a Recent Assault
        • Examination After the Immediate Phase
        • Follow-up
        • Genital Examination of Women
      • Genital Examination of Men
      • Perianal Examination
      • Medical Photography
        • Assessment for Referral
      • Diagnostic Tests
      • Module 5 Presentation: Physical Evidence of Torture and Ill-Treatment
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 5 Answers
    • Module 6: Psychological Evidence of Torture and Ill-Treatment
      • The Central Role of the Psychological Evaluation
        • Conducting the Psychological Evaluation
        • Psychological Findings and Diagnostic Considerations
        • Components of the Psychological/Psychiatric Evaluation
      • Children and Torture
        • Introduction
        • Developmental Considerations
        • Clinical Considerations
        • Role of the Family
      • Apendix I: Sample Psychological Evaluations
        • Psychological Evaluation #1
        • Psychological Evaluation #2
      • Apendix II: ICD-10
      • Module 6 Presentation: Psychological Evidence of Torture and Ill-Treatment
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 6 Answers
    • Module 7: Case Example #01
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Considerations
      • Materials
      • Module 7 Presentation: Case Example #01
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 7 Answers
    • Module 8: Case Example #02
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Considerations
      • Materials
      • Module 8 Presentation: Case Example #02
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 8 Answers
    • Module 9: Report Writing and Testifying in Court
      • Written Reports
        • General Considerations
        • Content of Written Reports
        • Conclusions
        • Inconsistencies
      • Providing Testimony in Court
      • Appendix: Court Testimony Guidelines and Maxims
      • Module 9 Presentation: Report Writing and Testifying in Court
      • Self-Assessment and Quiz
        • Module 9 Answers
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